jueves, 25 de marzo de 2010

LEONARDO DA VINCI

Leonardo Da Vinci fue un pintor muy prodigioso en el siglo 15.
Fue una persona con una infancia dificil debido a los múltiples matrimonios de su padre, pero aun así el siguió adelante y fue un brillante pintor ya desde pequeño, él se inspiraba en el ambito en el que creció.

jueves, 11 de marzo de 2010

King Henry VIII of England


  • What happened during his reign?

  1. King Henry Vlll, Henry's son, successfully united England and Wales under one system of government. The two countries were joined in 1536.
  2. Henry Vlll wanted a male heir, but his wife had not given birth to a son. Henry wanted to divorce her and take a new wife. The Roman Catholic Church refused to grant the divorce. In order to gain his divorce, Henry had to establish the Church of England and end Catholicism.
    Henry passed a law in 1534 making himself head of the Church of England. This act allowed him to divorce his wife and led to the formation of the Protestant Church of England. The Protestant movement was known as the Reformation.


  • How many wives did he have?
He first married his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon but divorced her when she did not produce a male heir to the throne. He married three times more before a son was born. In total he married six times!
  • Who were they and what happened to them?
  1. Catherine of Aragon was a Spanish princess who had previously been married to Henry's brother Prince Arthur. Henry was betrothed to Katherine by his father in 1509 and they had a daughter Mary who later become Queen Mary 1. Catherine had six children but only Mary survived. In 1527 Henry announced his desire to divorce Catherine because she had failed to produce a male heir.
  2. Anne grew up in the family home of Hever Castle in Kent and was a young and beautiful lady-in-waiting to the former queen, Catherine of Aragon. She gave birth to the future Queen Elizabeth. When Anne miscarried a second child Henry accused her of witchcraft and had her beheaded on May 19th 1536 at the Tower of London for adultery and incest.
  3. Jane was born between 1507 and 1509. Henry married his third wife on May 30th, 1536, just eleven days after the execution of Anne. Jane gave birth to a baby boy on 12th October 1537. Henry was said to be devastated when she died 12 days later of blood poisoning. Jane was buried at Windsor Castle, later to be joined by Henry. Her son succeed Henry to become Edward VI.
  4. Anne was born in 1515 in the small north German state of Cleves (close to the border of Holland). Her parents were John III of Cleves and Marie of Julich. Anne married Henry in 1540 to form a tie between England and the Protestant princes of Germany. After only six months Henry found the political alliance no longer to be to his advantage and so divorced her the same year. She died in 1557.
  5. Catherine was born between 1520 and 1525. Henry married Catherine Howard, Anne Boleyn's cousin and maid of honour to Anne of Cleaves. In 1542 Henry once again accused his wife of adultery and had Catherine beheaded at the Tower of London on 13 February 1542.
  6. Katherine Parr, also known as Catherin Parr, was born around 1512. She was Henry VIII’s sixth and final wife. She married Henry VIII on 12 July 1543 at Hampton Court Palace. Katherine outlived Henry - so she is said to have survived.
  • What happened to his relations with the Pope?
Henry Vlll brought religious upheaval to England. When he became king, most people belonged to the Catholic Church, which was headed by the Pope, in Rome. In 1534, Henry broke away from the Catholic Church and proclaimed himself head of the Church of England. The land and riches of the church became Henry's property and he sold off most of this land to dukes, barons and other noble
  • What was the name of the church he established in England?
Protestant Church of England

The time of the Catholic Monarchs

Diplomatic: Belonging or relative to the diploma.
Network:
Dynasty:Family in whose individuals perpetúa the power or the political, economic, cultural influence, etc.
Marriage alliance:Union of man and woman coordinated by means of certain rites or legal formalities.

What was the Holy Brotherhood?
Is a group of armed people paid for the councils to chase the malefactors and criminals.

What was the function of the Tribunal of the Inquisition?
The Inquisition arose at the beginning of the XIIIth century as instrument to the service of the dad and the bishops to attack the heretics of the south of France.

Who were the conversors?
they were muslims, who workship to Ala but they converse to christianity.

How did the Catholic Monarchs strenghten their power over the municipalities and the nobility?
in the municipies they devoleped the corregidores, and against the noble's power, they reduce their power.

What was the religious policy of the Catolhic Monarchs?
The christianity

Did the Catholic Monarchs do things which benefited their kingdoms?
they linked the both crowns, and developed the corregidores, and they also reduced the noble's power.

What controversial laws and institutions did they introduce?
they introduced the Holy Brotherhood, to fight agains bandits and the abuses of the nobility. they also reorganised justice and strengthened the Royal council.
Also they founded the Tribunal of the Inquisition to prosecute heretics.

BLACK DEATH


The Black Death was one of the deadliestpandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. It is widely thought to have been an outbreak of bubonic plague caused by the bacteriumYersinia pestis, but this view has recently been challenged. Usually thought to have started in Central Asia, it had reached the Crimea by 1346. From there, probably carried by fleas residing on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchants ships, it spread throughout the Mediterranean and Europe.
The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of Europe's population, reducing the world's population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in 1400. This has been seen as creating a series of religious, social and economic upheavals which had profound effects on the course of European history. It took 150 years for Europe's population to recover. The plague returned at various times, resulting in a larger number of deaths, until it left Europe in the 19th century.


jueves, 4 de marzo de 2010

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

Was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in theWestern Hemisphere. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of H ispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general E uropena colonization of the New World

Although not the first to reach the Americas from Europe—he was preceded by at least one other group, the Norse, led by Leif Ericson, who built a temporary settlement 500 years earlier at L'Anse aux Meadows— Columbus initiated widespread contact between Europeans and indignous Americans.

VOCABULARY UNIT 6

  1. Reconquest: it was the period, in which the christian, recover their power over iberian peninsula.
  2. Kingdom of Asturias: it was a christian kingdom, originated in the mountain ranges of cantabria.
  3. Kingdom of León : it was other christian kingdom, originated in the mountain ranges of cantrabria.
  4. Aragonese counties: they were united by wilfred the hairy in 874. they were a christian kingdoms.
  5. Catalan counties: they were christian, they were originated in the Pyrinees.
  6. Pelayo: he was the most powerful christian king. he defeated the muslims in the battle of covadonga in 722
  7. Battle of Covadonga: it was the war, which was win by the christian in 722, under ruled the Pelayo
  8. Alfonso III: he created the kingdom of leon. before he was the king of Asturias.
  9. Fernán González: he was a count of Catile, who divided the kingdom in counties.
  10. Spanish March: it was found in the pyrenean region, inside the carolingian kingdom
  11. Carolingian Empire: it was the empire of the charles martel after the fall of the roman empire.
  12. Sancho III the Great: he became the most powerful christian king on the peninsula.
  13. Wilfred the Hairy: he united the catalan counties in 874. he ruled the independently.
  14. Beatus: it was a religious manuscript with beautiful illustrations, is characteristic of mozarabic art
  15. Mozarabic art: it was the style emerged in the christian kingdoms in the 10th century. it was developed by the mozarabs who had run away from al-andalus.
  16. Mudejar art: it was a art, which emerged in the 12th century in sahagun leon.
  17. Asturian art: it was a art, which was developed between the 8th and 10th century.
  18. Repopulation: it was the process in which the peasants colonised the land and dormed small villages.
  19. Fueros: they were a privileges which were give by the kings to the towns
  20. Military orders: they were religius order who had arms.
  21. Mudejars: they were muslims who remainded in christian territory.
  22. Alfonso VI: he conquered Toledo and the tajo valley in 1085
  23. Ferdinand III: he united Castile and Leon and founded the crown of castile in 1230
  24. Cortes: they were formed by the nobles, clergy and lawyers, they couldn't legislate
  25. Honourable Council of the Mesta: it was the meetings in which the peasants resolves their problems.
  26. Alfonso I the Battler: he was the first king of aragon. he conquered the zaragoza in 1118
  27. James I the Conqueror: he conquered the valencia, alicante, murcia and the balears islands
  28. Generalitat: it was an institution which defended the rights of individuals in Aragon.