CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS

Was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in theWestern Hemisphere. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of H ispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general E uropena colonization of the New World

Although not the first to reach the Americas from Europe—he was preceded by at least one other group, the Norse, led by Leif Ericson, who built a temporary settlement 500 years earlier at L'Anse aux Meadows— Columbus initiated widespread contact between Europeans and indignous Americans.

VOCABULARY UNIT 6

1. Reconquest: it was the period, in which the christian, recover their power over iberian peninsula.
2. Kingdom of Asturias: it was a christian kingdom, originated in the mountain ranges of cantabria.
3. Kingdom of León : it was other christian kingdom, originated in the mountain ranges of cantrabria.
4. Aragonese counties: they were united by wilfred the hairy in 874. they were a christian kingdoms.
5. Catalan counties: they were christian, they were originated in the Pyrinees.
6. Pelayo: he was the most powerful christian king. he defeated the muslims in the battle of covadonga in 722
7. Battle of Covadonga: it was the war, which was win by the christian in 722, under ruled the Pelayo
8. Alfonso III: he created the kingdom of leon. before he was the king of Asturias.
9. Fernán González: he was a count of Catile, who divided the kingdom in counties.
10. Spanish March: it was found in the pyrenean region, inside the carolingian kingdom
11. Carolingian Empire: it was the empire of the charles martel after the fall of the roman empire.
12. Sancho III the Great: he became the most powerful christian king on the peninsula.
13. Wilfred the Hairy: he united the catalan counties in 874. he ruled the independently.
14. Beatus: it was a religious manuscript with beautiful illustrations, is characteristic of mozarabic art
15. Mozarabic art: it was the style emerged in the christian kingdoms in the 10th century. it was developed by the mozarabs who had run away from al-andalus.
16. Mudejar art: it was a art, which emerged in the 12th century in sahagun leon.
17. Asturian art: it was a art, which was developed between the 8th and 10th century.
18. Repopulation: it was the process in which the peasants colonised the land and dormed small villages.
19. Fueros: they were a privileges which were give by the kings to the towns
20. Military orders: they were religius order who had arms.
21. Mudejars: they were muslims who remainded in christian territory.
22. Alfonso VI: he conquered Toledo and the tajo valley in 1085
23. Ferdinand III: he united Castile and Leon and founded the crown of castile in 1230
24. Cortes: they were formed by the nobles, clergy and lawyers, they couldn't legislate
25. Honourable Council of the Mesta: it was the meetings in which the peasants resolves their problems.
26. Alfonso I the Battler: he was the first king of aragon. he conquered the zaragoza in 1118
27. James I the Conqueror: he conquered the valencia, alicante, murcia and the balears islands
28. Generalitat: it was an institution which defended the rights of individuals in Aragon.
    

VOCABULARY UNIT 5

1. Ummayad: it was a caliphate which ruled al-andalus.
2. Caliphate of Damascus: it's the main goverment which ruled all the territories.
3. Caliphate of Cordoba: it was the most brillant period of al-andalus.
4. Al-Andalus: it was the name of the territories conquered by the muslims.
5. Jews: they are a group of people who played a significant role in the economy.
6. Emirate: it was a territorie ruled by a emir under the Ummayad Caliphate of Damascus.
7. Emir: he was the person goverment the emirate.
8. Walis: they controlled the provinces ther were employees of the caliph.
9. Visir: he was the minister.
10. Hayib: he was the primer ministre.
11. Raids: there were attacks sent by the al-mansur to the christians.
12. Taifas: they was small kingdoms formed after al-mansur died
13. Parias: they were taxes which were paid by the muslims to the christians.
14. Almoravids: they were berber warriors from North Africa they went to the Iberian Peninsula to stop the christian advance.
15. Almohads: they were also berbers came to power in 1147.
16. Battle of Navas de Tolosa: it was held in 1212 it was won by the christian who defeat the muslims in this war.
17. Nasrid Kingdom: it was the last muslim territor. It was governed by the Nasr family.
18. Dinar: it was the coin used in the transactions. It was the gold.
19. Dirhem: it was the other coin used in the trade. It was the silver.
20. Arabs: they were the most powerful group of the poblation. They had the best land and were in charge of goverment.
21. Berbers: they were the other most powerful group after the arabs. They sometimes reveled.
22. Muladies: they were christians who adopted the religion, language and customs of islam.
23. Mozarabs: they were christian who continued to practise their religion.
24. Medina: it was the main area of the muslims cities, which contained the most important buildings.
25. Aljama:it was the main mosque located in the Medina.
26. Mosque: it was the most important building for muslims here they held their religius rites.
27. Arrabales: they were worker's districts, where the craft workshops were located.
28. Alcázar: it was the center of political life. It was located in the highest part of the city
29. Souk:it was the center of the social and economic life.
30. Alhóndigas: they were warehouses where the merchants kept their goods.
31. Averroes: he is a person very intellectual.
    
32. Maimonides: he is a other person very intellectual
33. Horseshoe arches: it was to use for supported the islamic buildings.
34. Plasterwork: they used for decorated the islamic buildings.

MARCO POLO'S JOURNEYS

Marco Polo began his famous expedition to China in 1271. He travelled by ship, camel caravan and on foot. He and his crew had a long journey - they began from Venice then went to Arabia, Jerusalem, Acre, Turkey, Hormuz, Central Asia, Kashmir, Mongolia and China, where they were able to trade and learn about a new culture.

When Marco Polo was in China, he became the trusted servant of the great Kublai Khan, the ruler of the huge Chinese empire. He learnt about the customs and structure of Mongol society as well as the geography of Asia. Marco Polo and his crew returned to Italy in 1295. He brought back knowledge about coal, paper money, printing and porcelain. He also returned with fabulous gems like pearls, diamonds, rubies and jade. as well as other products such as silk and gunpowder. Marco Polo introduced Europeans to the splendors of Asia. He also paved the way for later exploration and inspired many artists, poets and writers with his stories.

DESCRIPCIÓN

IN THE CENTER OF PICTURE THERE WAS A KING, AROUND HIM THERE WAS: COPYST, SERFS AND SOLDIERS.
THE KING IS SIT IN THE THRONE, THE PERSONS ARE AROUND THE KING THEY ARE PRAY AND THE COPYST WRITES WHAT HAPPENS IN THE CLASSROOM.

williams

williams was the cousin of king, and he was duke of normandy.He had a very strong feudal organization in northern France.
He invaded England, and at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, William defeated another rival for the throne. He was crowned King of England.
He called it the Great Council. The council's job was to help him rule effectively.The Great Council grew to become an important part of government. By the 1200's, the Great Council was called Parliament.

PERSONAL OPINION ABOUT MUSLIM

They've got strict rules about mosque, and I think that some of them are stupid, but they've got the mosque very decorated. I agree with the british, when the musilm go to the englad must respect their rules.
they're machistas