2. Identify three conclusions reached at this Council.
(a) _______new ways of spreading catholicism were created_ they spread the catholicism and formed new orders, and they give class of cathequesis ____________________________________________________________
(b) new religius orders was created_____________by Jonh Calvin and Henry VIII____________________________________________________
(c) __the clergy built seminarios__ for teach the new clergys and catholicism________________________________________________________________
3. Name five countries in Europe where the Counter-Reformation was successful and one country
where it was not.
(a) Successful in: spain, French, viena croacia and hungri, romania, italy, Bulgary. ___ and nos successful in german _______
1-gap: because it's between two hills 2-wet-point: becuse there are some water and there's a river near. 3-route centre: because there's a city and there're some water 4-hill foot: because it's at foot's hill and here you can built. 5-dry point: because is higher zone and there aren't any water
1. What is the population of the world when you opened this web page?
There are more than 6 billion human beings on Earth
2. How many people were on the earth when you were born and what percentage has the population increased by since then?
5665524000 people there were in the world when I was born and it has increased in 22%
3. What is the predicted population in 120 years time?
every second five persons are born and 2 persons die, at this rate, the world population in 120 years time will be of 48 billion. however the United Nations estimate that we will only be 12 billion in 120 years.
4. How many babies come to life everyday? 400000 babies come to life everyday
How many children in your lifetime?
5. How many babies is it possible for a woman to have in her lifetime?
A woman can to have 24 babies in her lifetime
6. If a woman became sterile at 45, how many babies is it possible for her to have?
when she can to have 20 babies in her lifetime but women do not become sterile at the same age. Most women could potentially have 15 babies.
7. What are the main reasons why women do not have this many children?
marriage, which delays the first birht
breastfeeding, nature's way to delay the next birth
birth control
women don't bear children until they are married or living with a partner.
8. Enter on the web page the best age for a woman to get married. How many does this reduce the fertility potential (the number of babies you can have) by?
Globally women get married on average at age 21. This reduces their fertility potential from 15 to 11 births
9. What is the average age of marriage in the regions listed below? North America Europe Latin America Asia Africa Oceania 10. Enter on the web page the number of months you think a woman should breastfeed for. How much does the birth potential reduce by?
Globally women breastfeed each baby for an average of 15 months. This reduces their birth potential from 11 to 7.
11. How many months, on average, do women from each of the regions below breastfeed? North America Europe Latin America Asia Africa Oceania How many children in your lifetime? 12. Enter on the web page the number of children you want. If you do not use birth control, how many children could you have? 13. For each of the birth control methods shown below, write down their efficiency rate. Efficiency rate Have no sex 100% Withdrawal 60% Condoms 90% Pill 99% IUD 99% Sterilization 100% 14. What is the most common form of birth control worldwide?
it was a important spread, this food hunger removed in many countries and cities. the europeans carry out the potato to america and the portugueses carry out it to India. the first country cultivated this crop was ireland. the potato expansion was due to invasions.
WHICH ARE THE MOST DENSELY POPULATED REGIONS IN THE WORLD? Why? the regions most densely populated are in the northern hemisphere, where more than 90% of the world's population lives, the people also prefere the temperate zone, especially between 20º and 50º latitude north.In every countries, urban areas are usually much more densely populated than rural areas, because in the cities there are a lot of work and more social life.The people prefere the warm climate because of that there are more people in teh coast zones.
WHICH ARE THE MOST DENSELY POPULATED COUNTRIES? Is all territory densely populated. the mos densely populated countries are China and India with a population about 2,500 million people, almos 40% of the world's population.In India the cities most densely populated are Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, Myderabad, these are the zones warmest of the India, and the mostly of the cities are coast zones. in china the most densely populated zones are Shangahai, Wuhart, Hong kong, Zaozhuang, Chongging, Chengdu, these cities are also in the coast zones
lunes, 19 de abril de 2010
Martin Luther and the German Reformation
1. (a) Describe the event that is taking place in the source
shown on the right.
__Chistians should be taught that one who gives to the poor, or lends to the needy, does a better action than if the purchases indulgences. Since the pope's income today is larger than that of the wealthiest of wealtry men, why does he not build this one church of Saint Peter which his own money, rather than with money of indigent believes ?
(b)Mention one immediate consequence of this event.
_Martin Luther was excomunitated by the Pope. From that moment Luther's ideas __spread. The Lutherans was against the catholic church.
1. Explain the following terms:
(a)justification by faith: this doctrine was based on predestination: people are condemned or saved before they are born.
(b) indulgences: in Catholic theology, is the full or partial remission of temporal punishmentdue for sins which have already been forgiven.
(c) Papal bull: it was a religion law.
(d) excommunicated: is a religious censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community.
(e) heretic: is a person who committed heresy
(f) clerical celibacy: is the law which forbade to the clergy to get married or have sexual relation.
2. Write briefly four important landmarks in the life of Martin Luther.
His marriage with Catalina Bora on June 13, 1525 initiated a movement of support to the priestly marriage inside many Christian currents. He did 95 indulgences.
Counter-reformation
1. Why was the Council of Trent summoned? Because the church want to fight against the protestant ___________________________
Marco Polo: he was an important person in the 15 century. He show China, Japan and India and he brought silk and spices to Europe.
Technical advances: it was technical which improved navegation.
Portulan Charts: there were new maps which showed the coastline and any obstacles at sea.
Compass: it was a navigational instrument,
astrolabe:
Quadrant:
Caravels: it was a ship which was improved and could travel longer distances.
Prince Henry the Navigator: he descovered the Madeira Island and the Azores. Later he explored the African coast.
Bartolomeu Dias: he rounded the cape of Good Hope opening the sea route to the Indian Ocean.
Vasco de Gama: he reached India and he found out a new route between Europe and Asia.
Christopher Columbus: he was a genoese sailor. He reached the America but he thought he had reached Cipango.
Ferdinand Magallan: he found a passage between Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. This passage was named Strait of Magallanes.
Juan Sebastian Elcano: he was Magallanes'second -in-command. He continued with the Magallan's expedition after his died.
Overseas empires: there are empires which had territories in both parts of the oceans.
Treaty of Tordesillas: it was a divided of the terrotories between Spain and Portugal
Indigenous population of America: they were the people were born in America.
Auteur: Fue ideado en la segunda mitad delsiglo XVI por el reyFelIpe II y su arquitecto Juan Bautista de Toledo, aunque posteriormente intervinieronJuan de Herrrera, Juan de Mijares, Gian Battista Castello El Bergamasco y Francisco de Mora.
Work:El Escorial Type of work: architecture Function or Subject: religious subject Decoration or Characteristics: architectonics elements
Auteur: Raphael Sanzio Work: La sagrada familia Type of work: picture Function or Subject: religious subject Decoration or Characteristics: Oleo sobre lienzo pintado a mano
Auteur: Donatello Work: el David Type of work: sculpture Function or Subject: tema bíblico Decoration or Characteristics: es una escultura de bronce de 158 cm de alturaActualmente se encuentra en el Museo del Bargello. Es una obra representativa del quattrocento italiano y tiene un aire inequívocamente clásico debido a su desnudez y a su composición claramente praxiteliana.
Leonardo Da Vinci fue un pintor muy prodigioso en el siglo 15. Fue una persona con una infancia dificil debido a los múltiples matrimonios de su padre, pero aun así el siguió adelante y fue un brillante pintor ya desde pequeño, él se inspiraba en el ambito en el que creció.
King Henry Vlll, Henry's son, successfully united England and Wales under one system of government. The two countries were joined in 1536.
Henry Vlll wanted a male heir, but his wife had not given birth to a son. Henry wanted to divorce her and take a new wife. The Roman Catholic Church refused to grant the divorce. In order to gain his divorce, Henry had to establish the Church of England and end Catholicism. Henry passed a law in 1534 making himself head of the Church of England. This act allowed him to divorce his wife and led to the formation of the Protestant Church of England. The Protestant movement was known as the Reformation.
How many wives did he have?
He first married his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon but divorced her when she did not produce a male heir to the throne. He married three times more before a son was born. In total he married six times!
Who were they and what happened to them?
Catherine of Aragon was a Spanish princess who had previously been married to Henry's brother Prince Arthur. Henry was betrothed to Katherine by his father in 1509 and they had a daughter Mary who later become Queen Mary 1. Catherine had six children but only Mary survived. In 1527 Henry announced his desire to divorce Catherine because she had failed to produce a male heir.
Anne grew up in the family home of Hever Castle in Kent and was a young and beautiful lady-in-waiting to the former queen, Catherine of Aragon. She gave birth to the future Queen Elizabeth. When Anne miscarried a second child Henry accused her of witchcraft and had her beheaded on May 19th 1536 at the Tower of London for adultery and incest.
Jane was born between 1507 and 1509. Henry married his third wife on May 30th, 1536, just eleven days after the execution of Anne. Jane gave birth to a baby boy on 12th October 1537. Henry was said to be devastated when she died 12 days later of blood poisoning. Jane was buried at Windsor Castle, later to be joined by Henry. Her son succeed Henry to become Edward VI.
Anne was born in 1515 in the small north German state of Cleves (close to the border of Holland). Her parents were John III of Cleves and Marie of Julich. Anne married Henry in 1540 to form a tie between England and the Protestant princes of Germany. After only six months Henry found the political alliance no longer to be to his advantage and so divorced her the same year. She died in 1557.
Catherine was born between 1520 and 1525. Henry married Catherine Howard, Anne Boleyn's cousin and maid of honour to Anne of Cleaves. In 1542 Henry once again accused his wife of adultery and had Catherine beheaded at the Tower of London on 13 February 1542.
Katherine Parr, also known as Catherin Parr, was born around 1512. She was Henry VIII’s sixth and final wife. She married Henry VIII on 12 July 1543 at Hampton Court Palace. Katherine outlived Henry - so she is said to have survived.
What happened to his relations with the Pope?
Henry Vlll brought religious upheaval to England. When he became king, most people belonged to the Catholic Church, which was headed by the Pope, in Rome. In 1534, Henry broke away from the Catholic Church and proclaimed himself head of the Church of England. The land and riches of the church became Henry's property and he sold off most of this land to dukes, barons and other noble
What was the name of the church he established in England?
Diplomatic: Belonging or relative to the diploma. Network: Dynasty:Family in whose individuals perpetúa the power or the political, economic, cultural influence, etc. Marriage alliance:Union of man and woman coordinated by means of certain rites or legal formalities.
What was the Holy Brotherhood? Is a group of armed people paid for the councils to chase the malefactors and criminals.
What was the function of the Tribunal of the Inquisition? The Inquisition arose at the beginning of the XIIIth century as instrument to the service of the dad and the bishops to attack the heretics of the south of France.
Who were the conversors? they were muslims, who workship to Ala but they converse to christianity.
How did the Catholic Monarchs strenghten their power over the municipalities and the nobility? in the municipies they devoleped the corregidores, and against the noble's power, they reduce their power.
What was the religious policy of the Catolhic Monarchs? The christianity
Did the Catholic Monarchs do things which benefited their kingdoms? they linked the both crowns, and developed the corregidores, and they also reduced the noble's power.
What controversial laws and institutions did they introduce? they introduced the Holy Brotherhood, to fight agains bandits and the abuses of the nobility. they also reorganised justice and strengthened the Royal council. Also they founded the Tribunal of the Inquisition to prosecute heretics.
The Black Death was one of the deadliestpandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. It is widely thought to have been an outbreak of bubonic plague caused by the bacteriumYersinia pestis, but this view has recently been challenged. Usually thought to have started in Central Asia, it had reached the Crimeaby 1346. From there, probably carried by fleas residing on the black rats that were regular passengers on merchants ships, it spread throughout the Mediterranean and Europe. The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30% to 60% of Europe's population, reducing the world's population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in 1400. This has been seen as creating a series of religious, social and economic upheavals which had profound effects on the course of European history. It took 150 years for Europe's population to recover. The plague returned at various times, resulting in a larger number of deaths, until it left Europe in the 19th century.
Was a navigator, colonizer, and explorer whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the American continents in theWestern Hemisphere. With his four voyages of exploration and several attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of H ispaniola, all funded by Isabella I of Castile, he initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general E uropena colonization of the New World
Although not the first to reach the Americas from Europe—he was preceded by at least one other group, the Norse, led by Leif Ericson, who built a temporary settlement 500 years earlier at L'Anse aux Meadows— Columbus initiated widespread contact between Europeans and indignous Americans.
Reconquest: it was the period, in which the christian, recover their power over iberian peninsula.
Kingdom of Asturias: it was a christian kingdom, originated in the mountain ranges of cantabria.
Kingdom of León : it was other christian kingdom, originated in the mountain ranges of cantrabria.
Aragonese counties: they were united by wilfred the hairy in 874. they were a christian kingdoms.
Catalan counties: they were christian, they were originated in the Pyrinees.
Pelayo: he was the most powerful christian king. he defeated the muslims in the battle of covadonga in 722
Battle of Covadonga: it was the war, which was win by the christian in 722, under ruled the Pelayo
Alfonso III: he created the kingdom of leon. before he was the king of Asturias.
Fernán González: he was a count of Catile, who divided the kingdom in counties.
Spanish March: it was found in the pyrenean region, inside the carolingian kingdom
Carolingian Empire: it was the empire of the charles martel after the fall of the roman empire.
Sancho III the Great: he became the most powerful christian king on the peninsula.
Wilfred the Hairy: he united the catalan counties in 874. he ruled the independently.
Beatus: it was a religious manuscript with beautiful illustrations, is characteristic of mozarabic art
Mozarabic art: it was the style emerged in the christian kingdoms in the 10th century. it was developed by the mozarabs who had run away from al-andalus.
Mudejar art: it was a art, which emerged in the 12th century in sahagun leon.
Asturian art: it was a art, which was developed between the 8th and 10th century.
Repopulation: it was the process in which the peasants colonised the land and dormed small villages.
Fueros: they were a privileges which were give by the kings to the towns
Military orders: they were religius order who had arms.
Mudejars: they were muslims who remainded in christian territory.
Alfonso VI: he conquered Toledo and the tajo valley in 1085
Ferdinand III: he united Castile and Leon and founded the crown of castile in 1230
Cortes: they were formed by the nobles, clergy and lawyers, they couldn't legislate
Honourable Council of the Mesta: it was the meetings in which the peasants resolves their problems.
Alfonso I the Battler: he was the first king of aragon. he conquered the zaragoza in 1118
James I the Conqueror: he conquered the valencia, alicante, murcia and the balears islands
Generalitat: it was an institution which defended the rights of individuals in Aragon.
Marco Polo began his famous expedition to China in 1271. He travelled by ship, camel caravan and on foot.He and his crew had a long journey - they began from Venice then went to Arabia, Jerusalem, Acre, Turkey, Hormuz, Central Asia, Kashmir, Mongolia and China, where they were able to trade and learn about a new culture.
When Marco Polo was in China, he became the trusted servant of the great Kublai Khan, the ruler of the huge Chinese empire. He learnt about the customs and structure of Mongol society as well as the geography of Asia. Marco Polo and his crew returned to Italy in 1295. He brought back knowledge about coal, paper money, printing and porcelain. He also returned with fabulous gems like pearls, diamonds, rubies and jade. as well as other products such as silk and gunpowder. Marco Polo introduced Europeans to the splendors of Asia. He also paved the way for later exploration and inspired many artists, poets and writers with his stories.
